{"id":118,"date":"2004-07-30T21:39:02","date_gmt":"2004-07-30T21:39:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/143-42-55-146.ip.linodeusercontent.com\/?p=118"},"modified":"2004-07-30T21:39:02","modified_gmt":"2004-07-30T21:39:02","slug":"badblocks-a-instalace-freebsd-krok-za-krokem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nax.cz\/?p=118","title":{"rendered":"BADBLOCKS A INSTALACE FREEBSD KROK ZA KROKEM"},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u0139\u0099edev\u00c4\u008d\u0102\u00adrem se mi n\u00c4\u009bjak sesypal disk. Prost\u00c4\u009b jsem cht\u00c4\u009bl nainstalovat zdroj\u0102\u0104ky BSD podle n\u0102\u0104vodu na instalaci FreeBSD<\/a> sekce H, dal jsem po p\u0139\u0099\u0102\u00adslu\u0139\u0104n\u0102\u0160 \u0102\u015fprav\u00c4\u009b:<\/p>\n

cvsup \/usr\/standard-supfile<\/strong><\/p>\n

no a zrovna kdy\u0139\u017e jsem na druh\u0102\u0160 konzole m\u00c4\u009bnil CFLAGS v make.conf na n\u00c4\u009bco p\u0139\u0099esn\u00c4\u009b pro Crusoe, tak kouk\u0102\u0104m \u0139\u017ee n\u00c4\u009bjak moc hrabe disk. P\u0139\u0099epnul jsem se na prvn\u0102\u00ad disk (tam se ty zdroj\u0102\u0104ky u\u0139\u017e stahovali minim\u0102\u0104ln\u00c4\u009b p\u0139\u017bl hodiny) a j\u0102\u0104dro tam vypisovalo n\u00c4\u009bjak\u0102\u0160 errory o disku (moc jsem to nezkoumal, ale nevypadalo to zrovna na nedostatek m\u0102\u00adsta na disku). Kdy\u0139\u017e jsem zm\u0102\u0104\u00c4\u008dkl Ctrl+C tak to skon\u00c4\u008dilo s kernel panic. Po rebootu to v\u0139\u017edy vyhodilo po p\u0139\u0099ipojen\u0102\u00ad partitions kernel panic a \u0139\u0104lo to do rebootu a jedin\u0102\u0160 kdy to neud\u00c4\u009blalo, kdy\u0139\u017e jsem dal boot do jednou\u0139\u017eivatelsk\u0102\u0160ho re\u0139\u017eimu. <\/p>\n

fsck -y<\/strong><\/p>\n

sem d\u0102\u0104t musel, proto\u0139\u017ee to h\u0102\u0104zelo opravdu tuny chyb a j\u0102\u0104 sem p\u0139\u0099i tom za\u00c4\u008d\u0102\u00adnal tu\u0139\u0104it \u0139\u017ee s touhle instalac\u0102\u00ad se m\u0139\u017b\u0139\u017eu rozlou\u00c4\u008dit. Sice jsem zkusil nabootovat po tom co to opravilo v\u0139\u0104echny nesrovnalosti, ale potvrdili se moje nejhor\u0139\u0104\u0102\u00ad obavy: nedalo se ani p\u0139\u0099ihl\u0102\u0104sit (psalo to \u0139\u017ee chyb\u0102\u00ad n\u00c4\u009bjak\u0102\u0104 d\u0139\u017ble\u0139\u017eit\u0102\u0104 knihovna).<\/p>\n

M\u00c4\u009bl jsem strach, \u0139\u017ee v tom notebooku je \u0139\u0104patn\u0102\u02dd disk a tak jsem se odhodlal otestovat z\u0102\u0104pisov\u0102\u02ddm testem ten disk. Na\u0139\u0104el jsem k tomu hezk\u0102\u02dd n\u0102\u0104vod Testing your hard drive in Linux<\/a>. Nabootoval jsem tedy z v\u0102\u02ddborn\u0102\u0160ho hypermini CD (velikosti vizitky) distribuce BBC LNX<\/a> a pou\u0139\u017eil jsem tohle:<\/p>\n

badblocks -b 4096 -p 3 -c 8000 -w -s \/dev\/hda1<\/strong><\/p>\n

POZOR! Tohle je destruktivn\u0102\u00ad test, kdy se na disk zapisuje a pak se z n\u00c4\u009bho \u00c4\u008dte a zji\u0139\u0104\u0139\u013duje se jestli je to to co se tam zapsalo. Jak jsem dosp\u00c4\u009bl k hodnot\u00c4\u009b parametru c? Inu pomoc\u0102\u00ad free<\/strong> jsem si zjistil \u0139\u017ee m\u0102\u0104m voln\u0102\u02ddch zhruba 70MB RAM, a vypo\u00c4\u008d\u0102\u00adtal jsem to n\u0102\u0104sledovn\u00c4\u009b:
\n70M \/( 2 * 4096 )<\/strong>
\nV podstat\u00c4\u009b je \u0139\u017e\u0102\u0104douc\u0102\u00ad aby to \u00c4\u008d\u0102\u00adslo bylo co nejvy\u0139\u0104\u0139\u0104\u0102\u00ad aby test trval co nejkrat\u0139\u0104\u0102\u00ad dobu. Na tom m\u0102\u0160m notebooku to trvalo \u0139\u0099\u0102\u0104dov\u00c4\u009b hodiny, s t\u0102\u00adm \u0139\u017ee ten test prob\u00c4\u009bhl celkem asi 12x.<\/p>\n

No a p\u0139\u0099ed chv\u0102\u00adl\u0102\u00ad jsem se pustil do instalace nov\u0102\u0160ho FreeBSD a napadlo m\u00c4\u009b, \u0139\u017ee si krok za krokem zaznamen\u0102\u0104m sv\u0139\u017bj postup:<\/p>\n

* boot 5.2.1-RELEASE-i386-miniinst.iso<\/a> CD a pak vynd\u0102\u0104n\u0102\u00ad PCMCIA CD-ROM a m\u0102\u00adsto n\u0102\u00ad do d\u0102\u0104t wifi s\u0102\u00ad\u0139\u013dovku (jen p\u0139\u0099ipom\u0102\u00adn\u0102\u0104m, \u0139\u017ee m\u0102\u0104m jen jeden PCMCIA slot). FreeBSD kernel se s ztr\u0102\u0104tou jednoho \u0139\u0099adi\u00c4\u008de a objeven\u0102\u00ad se onov\u0102\u0160 karty vyrovn\u0102\u0104 \u0102\u015fpln\u00c4\u009b uk\u0102\u0104zkov\u00c4\u009b – jen na druh\u0102\u0160 konzoly vyp\u0102\u00ad\u0139\u0104e informaci co se stalo a co je to za kartu) je pot\u0139\u0099eba v Options na volb\u00c4\u009b Re-scan Devices stisknout mezern\u0102\u00adk, aby o nov\u0102\u0160 kart\u00c4\u009b v\u00c4\u009bd\u00c4\u009blo nejen j\u0102\u0104dro, ale i ten instala\u00c4\u008dn\u0102\u00ad program b\u00c4\u009b\u0139\u017e\u0102\u00adc\u0102\u00ad v userspace.<\/p>\n

* Volba Expres setup a na cel\u0102\u0160 prvn\u0102\u00ad polovin\u00c4\u009b disku vytvo\u0139\u0099it BSD slice (od 63 do 11791583 bloku) celkem 11791521 bloku velkou a typu 165 (ob\u00c4\u009b ty volby mi samoz\u0139\u0099ejm\u00c4\u009b nab\u0102\u00addlo proto\u0139\u017ee jsem na za\u00c4\u008d\u0102\u0104tku druh\u0102\u0160 poloviny disku m\u00c4\u009bl ji\u0139\u017e vytvo\u0139\u0099enou partition pro hibernaci typu 160 – thinkpad hibernation partition).<\/p>\n

* Zvolil jsem u v\u0102\u02ddb\u00c4\u009bru co s MBR volbu Standard (druh\u0102\u0104 v po\u0139\u0099ad\u0102\u00ad) aby jen \u00c4\u008dist\u00c4\u009b bootoval BSD (na druh\u0102\u0160 p\u0139\u017blce disku chci nainstalovat \u00c4\u008dasem Gentoo a fin\u0102\u0104ln\u00c4\u009b se bude o MBR starat lilo). P\u0139\u0099i prvn\u0102\u00ad instalaci jsem zvolil BootMgr (prvn\u0102\u00ad volbu) ale to m\u0102\u0104 za n\u0102\u0104sledek, \u0139\u017ee tem boot manager v\u0102\u0104m na za\u00c4\u008d\u0102\u0104tku nab\u0102\u00addne boot ze v\u0139\u0104ech primary partitions (tak\u0139\u017ee je tam vid\u00c4\u009bt i ta hiberna\u00c4\u008dn\u0102\u00ad, ale bootovat z n\u0102\u00ad nejde).<\/p>\n

* Tu p\u0139\u017blku disku (tedy asi 6GB) sem rozd\u00c4\u009blil n\u0102\u0104sledovn\u00c4\u009b:
\nad0s1a \/ 500M
\nad0s1b swap 250M (m\u0102\u0104m 128MB RAM, ale 20 z toho zabere procesor pro sw emulaci i386)
\nad0s1d \/var 200M
\nad0s1e \/usr zbytek<\/p>\n

* Zvolil jsem Minimal a v Custom pak je\u0139\u0104t\u00c4\u009b man a info (krom\u00c4\u009b toho co u\u0139\u017e bylo vybr\u0102\u0104no)<\/p>\n

* N\u0102\u0104sledoval v\u0102\u02ddb\u00c4\u009br m\u0102\u0160dia. Proto\u0139\u017ee jsem doma za firewallem (a n\u00c4\u009bjak jsem se je\u0139\u0104t\u00c4\u009b po\u0139\u0099\u0102\u0104d nedostal k tomu, abych na serveru rozb\u00c4\u009bhal modul do j\u0102\u0104dra umo\u0139\u017e\u0139\u0088uj\u0102\u00adc\u0102\u00ad i p\u0139\u0099es to pou\u0139\u017e\u0102\u00advat aktivn\u0102\u00ad re\u0139\u017eim ftp) zvolil jsem FTP passive. Z nab\u0102\u00addnut\u0102\u02ddch server\u0139\u017b jsem vybral ftp.cz.freebsd.org (3xPgDown) a jeliko\u0139\u017e jsem ud\u00c4\u009blal po vlo\u0139\u017een\u0102\u00ad karty ten Re-scan v Options, tak z nab\u0102\u00addnut\u0102\u02ddch interfac\u0139\u017b vyberu wi0 (btw jako s\u0102\u00ad\u0139\u013dov\u0102\u02dd interface je tu i firewire – \u0139\u0104koda \u0139\u017ee nem\u0102\u0104m v n\u00c4\u009bjak\u0102\u0160m po\u00c4\u008d\u0102\u00adta\u00c4\u008di druh\u0102\u02dd takov\u0102\u02dd port). Pak sta\u00c4\u008dilo donastavit jm\u0102\u0160no a dom\u0102\u0160nu stroje a u\u0139\u017e se to instalovalo.<\/p>\n

* Po st\u0102\u0104hnut\u0102\u00ad a rozbalen\u0102\u00ad bal\u0102\u00adk\u0139\u017b (prob\u0102\u00adh\u0102\u0104 automaticky) jsem dal rovnou reboot. N\u00c4\u009bjak dlouho to vyselo na \u0102\u015fvodn\u0102\u00ad obrazovce (bios se z\u0139\u0099ejm\u00c4\u009b se ztr\u0102\u0104tou \u0139\u0099adi\u00c4\u008de nevyrovnal tak hladce jako freebsd) tak jsem to vypnul a znovu zapnul tla\u00c4\u008d\u0102\u00adtkem power. Te\u00c4\u008f u\u0139\u017e nab\u00c4\u009bhlo samotn\u0102\u0160 freebsd.<\/p>\n

* P\u0139\u0099ihl\u0102\u0104sil jsem se (p\u0139\u0099i prvotn\u0102\u00adm nastaven\u0102\u00ad syst\u0102\u0160mu root nemus\u0102\u00ad zadat heslo) a hned jsem podle \u00c4\u008dl\u0102\u0104nku na rootu<\/a> zm\u00c4\u009bnil v \/etc\/login.conf hodnotu :passwd_format<\/strong> na blf<\/strong>. Podle autora \u00c4\u008dl\u0102\u0104nku je to nejsiln\u00c4\u009bj\u0139\u0104\u0102\u00ad \u0139\u0104ifrov\u0102\u0104n\u0102\u00ad. Zbytek jsem nechal tak jak je a nastavil jsem heslo roota:
\npasswd root<\/strong><\/p>\n

* Nainstaloval jsem bash, openssh, screen, wget a cvsup-without-gui
\npkg_add -r bash openssh screen cvsup-without-gui<\/strong><\/p>\n

* Zm\u00c4\u009bnil jsem default shell roota na sv\u0139\u017bj obl\u0102\u00adben\u0102\u02dd bash a pro jistotu taky sm\u00c4\u009bnil shell druh\u0102\u0160ho roota s n\u0102\u0104zvem toor na \/bin\/csh (proto\u0139\u017ee bash je jako program extern\u0102\u00ad nainstalovan\u0102\u02dd v \/usr\/local\/bin\/ tak aby se alespo\u0139\u0088 jeden root mohl p\u0139\u0099ihl\u0102\u0104sit kdyby se z n\u00c4\u009bjak\u0102\u0160ho d\u0139\u017bvodu nenamountil svazek \/usr)
\npw user mod root -s \/usr\/local\/bin\/bash<\/strong>
\npw user mod toor -s \/bin\/csh<\/strong>
\npasswd toor<\/strong><\/p>\n

* P\u0139\u0099idal jsem oby\u00c4\u008dejn\u0102\u0160ho u\u0139\u017eivatele nax pat\u0139\u0099\u0102\u00adc\u0102\u00adho do skupiny wheel (proto\u0139\u017ee jen u\u0139\u017eivatel\u0102\u0160 z t\u0102\u0160to skupiny mohou ud\u00c4\u009blat su –<\/strong> a t\u0102\u00adm se pov\u0102\u02dd\u0139\u0104it na roota). Sta\u00c4\u008d\u0102\u00ad adduser<\/strong> a pak se v\u0102\u0104s to postupn\u00c4\u009b zept\u0102\u0104 na v\u0139\u0104e pot\u0139\u0099ebn\u0102\u0160.<\/p>\n

* Do souboru \/etc\/rc.conf<\/strong> jsem p\u0139\u0099idal \u0139\u0099\u0102\u0104dky:
\nsshd_program=“\/usr\/local\/sbin\/sshd“<\/strong>
\nsshd_enable=“YES“<\/strong>
\na pustil \/etc\/rc.d\/sshd start<\/strong><\/p>\n

* Podle ji\u0139\u017e jednou zm\u0102\u00adn\u00c4\u009bn\u0102\u0160ho \u00c4\u008dl\u0102\u0104nku na rootu<\/a> jsem vytvo\u0139\u0099il v\u0139\u0104e pot\u0139\u0099ebn\u0102\u0160 na sledov\u0102\u0104n\u0102\u00ad zm\u00c4\u009bn v konfigura\u00c4\u008dn\u0102\u00adch souborech:<\/p>\n

# mkdir \/etc\/RCS<\/strong>
\n# ci \/etc\/rc.conf<\/strong>
\n\/etc\/RCS\/rc.conf,v < -- \/etc\/rc.conf\nenter description, terminated with single '.' or end of file:\nNOTE: This is NOT the log message!\n>> defaultni \/etc\/rc.conf s pridanymi vlastnostmi na start sshd<\/strong>
\n>> .<\/strong>
\ninitial revision: 1.1
\ndone
\n# co \/etc\/rc.conf<\/strong>
\n\/etc\/RCS\/rc.conf,v –> \/etc\/rc.conf
\nrevision 1.1
\ndone<\/p>\n

* Ud\u00c4\u009blal jsem dal\u0139\u0104\u0102\u00ad \u0102\u015fpravy do rc.conf ale nejd\u0139\u0099\u0102\u00adv ho vyt\u0102\u0104hnu ze spr\u0102\u0104vy RCS:
\n# co -l \/etc\/rc.conf<\/strong>
\nfont8x14=“iso02-8×14″<\/strong>
\nfont8x16=“iso02-8×16″<\/strong>
\nfont8x8=“iso02-8×8″<\/strong>
\nnfs_server_enable=“NO“<\/strong>
\nsendmail_enable=“NO“<\/strong>
\nsyslogd_enable=“YES“ # Run syslog daemon (or NO).<\/strong>
\nsyslogd_flags=“-ss“ # Syslogd flags to not bind an inet socket<\/strong>
\nclear_tmp_enable=“YES“ # Clear \/tmp at startup.<\/strong>
\nmoused_enable=“YES“<\/strong><\/p>\n

a po zm\u00c4\u009bn\u00c4\u009b tyto zase commitnou:
\n# ci \/etc\/rc.conf<\/strong>
\nKdy\u0139\u017e bych cht\u00c4\u009bl pak n\u00c4\u009bkdy obnovit stav p\u0139\u0099ed zm\u00c4\u009bnou, tak nap\u0102\u00ad\u0139\u0104u:
\n# co -u \/etc\/rc.conf<\/strong><\/p>\n

* Vytvo\u0139\u0099il jsem nov\u0102\u02dd soubor \/etc\/sysctl.conf s t\u0102\u00admto obsahem:
\nhw.acpi.power_button_state=S5<\/strong>
\nhw.acpi.sleep_button_state=S4<\/strong>
\nhw.acpi.lid_switch_state=S4<\/strong>
\nhw.acpi.standby_state=S4<\/strong>
\nhw.acpi.suspend_state=S3<\/strong><\/p>\n

* Do souboru \/etc\/profile jsem si nastavil PS1 (aneb jak bude vypadat v\u0102\u02ddzva bashe (m\u0102\u0104m pravidlo, \u0139\u017ee na ka\u0139\u017ed\u0102\u0160m po\u00c4\u008d\u0102\u00adta\u00c4\u008di kter\u0102\u02dd spravuji mus\u0102\u00ad vypadat v\u0139\u017edy v\u0102\u02ddzva shellu jinak – z bezpe\u00c4\u008dnostn\u0102\u00adch d\u0139\u017bvod\u0139\u017b: ono zahaltovat \u0139\u0104patnou ma\u0139\u0104inu nen\u0102\u00ad v\u0139\u017edy OK)<\/p>\n

* Podle MadPenguin FreeBSD Install Guide<\/a> jdu na kompilaci world:
\n# cp \/usr\/share\/examples\/etc\/make.conf \/etc\/make.conf<\/strong>
\n# cp \/usr\/share\/examples\/cvsup\/standard-supfile \/usr<\/strong>
\n# cp \/usr\/share\/examples\/cvsup\/ports-supfile \/usr<\/strong>
\n# chmod u+w \/etc\/make.conf \/usr\/standard-supfile \/usrrts-supfile<\/strong>
\nPak jsem nastavil v souboru \/etc\/make.conf
\nCPUTYPE=i686<\/strong>
\nCFLAGS= -Wall -pipe -mpreferred-stack-boundary=2 -falign-functions=0 -falign-jumps=0 -falign-loops=0 -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer<\/strong>
\nZhruba s t\u00c4\u009bmahle CFLAGS se toti\u0139\u017e kompiluje linuxov\u0102\u02dd kernel, kdy\u0139\u017e je za\u0139\u0104krtnut\u0102\u0160 aby byl optimalizov\u0102\u0104n pro procesor Transmeta Crusoe. No a vzhledem k tomu, \u0139\u017ee Linus Tornvalds, kter\u0102\u02dd je otcem a hlavn\u0102\u00adm v\u0102\u02ddvoj\u0102\u0104\u0139\u0099em j\u0102\u0104dra doned\u0102\u0104vna pracoval pr\u0102\u0104v\u00c4\u009b pro Transmetu mysl\u0102\u00adm, \u0139\u017ee nen\u0102\u00ad lep\u0139\u0104\u0102\u00adho m\u0102\u00adsta ne\u0139\u017e pr\u0102\u0104v\u00c4\u009b tady pro z\u0102\u00adsk\u0102\u0104n\u0102\u00ad optim\u0102\u0104ln\u0102\u00adho CFLAGS. Jen jsem musel odendat volby:
\n-msoft-float -Wstrict-prototypes -Wno-trigraphs -fno-strict-aliasing -fno-common
\nproto\u0139\u017ee zp\u0139\u017bsobovali p\u0102\u0104d u n\u00c4\u009bkter\u0102\u02ddch aplikac\u0102\u00ad z buildworld.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u0139\u0099edev\u00c4\u008d\u0102\u00adrem se mi n\u00c4\u009bjak sesypal disk. Prost\u00c4\u009b jsem cht\u00c4\u009bl nainstalovat zdroj\u0102\u0104ky BSD podle n\u0102\u0104vodu na instalaci FreeBSD sekce H, dal jsem po p\u0139\u0099\u0102\u00adslu\u0139\u0104n\u0102\u0160 \u0102\u015fprav\u00c4\u009b: cvsup \/usr\/standard-supfile no a zrovna kdy\u0139\u017e jsem na druh\u0102\u0160 konzole m\u00c4\u009bnil CFLAGS v make.conf na n\u00c4\u009bco p\u0139\u0099esn\u00c4\u009b pro Crusoe, tak kouk\u0102\u0104m \u0139\u017ee n\u00c4\u009bjak moc hrabe disk. P\u0139\u0099epnul jsem se na prvn\u0102\u00ad […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-118","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-freebsd"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nax.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nax.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nax.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nax.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nax.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=118"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/nax.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nax.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=118"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nax.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=118"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nax.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=118"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}